Dr. Wichamdinbo Mataina

Chabang-chabi ga Liangmai gu thiujiu ariak rao ra ‘charaogiak’ (Script) bamniwbo simakge. Sikumjiu Northeast India ga ronna makjiu kadihpiri ga bambo jat tribal kakeng paliu gu ‘charaogiak’ bamniw makge. Haisi ndebo donniu lo sai, aliu pui-piu ken gasu aliu racham, aliu lunlung haisi chamun (Oral Literature) gasu din kapaujiu lung wangmibo donniu-e.

Tadmibo tingkum kaikhat lung gasu Manipur-Nagaland ga bambo jat hina si paliu lad-lui ariak gum ga raosumide. Raosubo ga jat hina niu maigu ‘charaogiak’, Example, Roman, Devanagari, Bengali Script, thinjiu raosubo-e. Thainai haibo chamrao gasu Liangmai dung detiujiu ariak gum ga Lianglad si rao haumilo, khatdi tuhoi dekumbo lunlung ga bamlo tiubo poina phuine.

Lianglad gasu raosumibo

Lianglad gasu ndedau niu ariak raohau milo tiubo phiubo ga 1952 ga Liangmai Hymn Book pazan niu ‘Khristen Lui’ tiujiu publish thiumide. Haibo gu ngam si apou D. Athuibou tu Zeliangrong Baptist Church (ZBA) niu, LNBA padmakbo suangga, 1949 ga malum khaijiu paniu pamun thiulujiu kamkhai-e. Sibo wan ga Tamei-Imphal ga Kari npui haniu-e. Imphal ga chafi niu tadlujiu Tarung Press Imphal ga print thiu-e. ZBA lamsu rangkang pikhai makjiu Liangmai Christian Endeavour Union niu Rs. 180/- pikhaijiu thinpiu-e.

Thalon, Namtiram, Taningjam, Marong Npa (L.Pabram) gu phumling niu haibo Rs.180/- si pikhai-e. Redemption Songs, Sacred Songs, 3rd Alexander, Haobung La (Kuki), Mar mai lui khong, Marongmai luikhong gasu chalipadle. Chakhon madai D. Athuibou niu Tamenglong ga School kiubo wan gasu silu-e. 1952 ga ‘Khristien Lui’ tiubo si Copy kai-mangiu Print thiukhai-e (p.c. D. Athuibou: 01/05/2015). Liangmai Luisan haisi sidi D. Athuibou zaujiu 1957 ga kamkhai-e. Haibo lam ra haiga dintau lulak mide.

Haibo Khristen Lui Publish thiulubo sai 1954 ga Liangmai Christian Literature Society (LCLS), Manipur & Nagaland donsu khai-e. Siga LCLS gu raibo thiujiu Late Pariwangbou, L. Pabram, niu Chairman, Late Azu Newmai, Ntu, niu Secretary khatdi Late Kaisungbou, Ntu, niu Treasurer thiukhai-e. Sigasu 1960 ningga gasu Liangmai Literature Society (Secular) haidi donsu khai-e. Siga R. Tale, Chiang, niu Chairman khatdi D. Athuibou, Namtiram, niu Secretary thiukhai-e (p.c. D. Athuibou: 01/05/2015).

Kadunbo Cham (A brief history): Liangmai Christian Literature Society, Manipur and Nagaland, Compiled and edited by Head Office Workers, LNBA (M).

Table 1: Lianglad gasu raopad karaibo ariak, khangsia.

Title - Translator/Author - Publisher - Year

Khristen Lui - D. Athuibou - 1952

Chabang Cham - R. Tale - 1955

Luisan - D. Athuibou, Tundoubou, et al. Luangdi Pabram - Christian Endeavour Society - 1957

Madui Lui - LCLS - 1966

Luke & Amos Bible - N.K. Nsying - LCLS - 1978

Khristian Madui Lui - N. Azu Newmai - LCLS - 1979

Kawicham (NT) - N.K. Nsying (LCLS) - The Bible Society of India - 1984

Khristian Madui Lui - Committee on Translator and Music - LCLS - 1991

Masanbo Bible (OT) - N.K. Nsying (LCLS) - The Bible Society of India - 2001

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION (FAG)

Ndebo Script thinjiu Liangmai dung ariak raomijiu lo?

Ariak raohau karaibo wan ga Bengali Script di tanna bamniw-e. Tiudi Liangmai dung Roman Script tu kadakhai mide. Jat kakeng hai kadihpiri ga Roman (Latin) Script thin-e. Northeast India ga ronna makjiu kadih pabam kakeng ga parathiujiu haisi Christian Missionaries maidung niu Introduce thiukhai-e.

Liangkhon/Lianglad ga Consonant ndejiu bamlo?

Lianglad ra tuhoi niu Research kam haujiu bamme. Ao, Tangkhul, Semai mai lad ga phuisai Scientific Study hai sokjiu University Level kam bam mide. Tuhoi tadkiu bambo Ressearch sai suisai Liangkhon ga Consonant makai bamme. Sisi pahangga lenkhai-e.

Table 2: Consonant List.

Native sound Bible ga roman letter Remarks

gasu thinpiu bambo

pa p

fa/pha f/ph Haibo khon nia ga dijiu tamsinbo ha-e

ba b/v v khon ha-e

ta t

tha th

da d

ka k/q q khon ha-e

kha kh

ga ga

m m

n n

nga ng

tsa ch ch tiubo hai English khon ga ‘Church’ tiubo khon kumjiu ret tang makge.

sa s/sh sh khon ha-e

za z/j j khon ha-e

ha h

wa w

la l

ra r

ya y

Liangkhon ga Vowel ndejiu bamlo?

Vowel khon charok bamme. Pahangga lengkhai-e.

Native sound Bible ga roman letter gasu thinpiu bambo Remarks

a a

i i

e e

o o

u u

a (short vowel) a Haitu schwa vowel tiuju ku-e. Haibo khon leng roman letter ga ha-e.

Liangkhon ga Consonant makai khatdi vowel charok sai, ndekamjiu Roman Alphabet ga bambo letter hina thinjiu lo?

Yo, khonkhat tu pagiak nia (e.g., z vs j -zoo vs jug) thinjiu bamme. Pakhon zai tanjiu luisai, khatbo piu (j khon) si Liangkhon ga ha-e. Tiudi tuhoi Bible ga thin bambo ramba ra, wa zan dung tu kam tasi ra khaibo-e. Mai zat gu Roman Script kathin hina haitiubo-e. Haibo lamga Liangmai gu Bible ga maubo niu ndelo sai, Pronunciation Guide pimakbo donniu-e. Haisi parathiujiu Liangmai gu Secular Literary Board kumbo niu machakhai bamniw rabo gu-e. Pronunciation Guide khai maksai Liangkhon ga maiky khon (Foreign Sound) kengkha ngut mirabo-e. Chalad raorabo leng ra ‘Any Systematic Symbol’ niu suimirabo-e. Tiudi sibo sysmbol si thinpiu ra Guide bamgap misai sui-e.

Lamkhat ga niu sai, akhon ga pagiak kahabo hai thin makjiu Strickly akhon ga bambo ronna thinne tiubo di sui-e. Tiudi sibo zai ga, wa zan dung, ladkeng dung tu kam tasi khaira (Differentiate thiura) kungbo di padsune.

Liangmai leng Script kasanbo taliubo niu Problem kam madio lu ma?

Kungthubo lad si ra Practical Issue-e. Script kasan kampadbo ga Computer gu Keyboard Layout sira malajiu kamlune. Tiudi sibo Script tu si Computer Language ga (Computer Language tiusai zero maksai numeral maliangbo-e), chalipad ra (Encoding) kamkhai maksai daulakge. Encoding kamkhai maksai Computer gu Platform tam-tambo ga thindau lakge. Chalad ga, sibo Script si Encode thiu maksai sibo kasanbo Script si WhatsApp ga, Tik-Tok ga, Facebook ga, maksai Ubuntu, Windows, Apple kumbo gu Platform (Soft ware programmme) ga thin daulakge.

Script kasanbo Encode thiura World gu thiujiu ‘The Unicode’ tiubo bamme. Haibo Process si pawan ngutbo-e. Lepcha, Metei-Mayak Script dung hai sanjiu (newly) Encode thiukhai lu bamme.

Niabo gu Problem sai, Universal Problem-e. Nagu Language hai Office ga, IAS Exam kumbo ga, Media ga, hasai, nang naronna di thin kingkiu lakmibo bamme. Sibo donniu haisi Practical makge tiubo bamme.

Khatgu-khatgu Script thinbam tadi, Chamainah lad hai kadin kum gapjiu wadaudi ariak ga raokhai silakbo bamme. Raokhai di sidau lakbo bamme. Amakum ga siniu, Globally, Nationally, maksai Regionally tadjiu bambo Script khat tu jat khatniu lumi sai (Adopt) thiumi sai, Practical kathiubo bamme. Script kasanbo niu Writing Problem gu kam madio lu lakge.

Liangmai Writing System/Spelling system lam dinsubo ndekam raira lo?

Raithubo ga ndegu Script thinra lo tiubo chunzonjiu kadalulo (Yo, Liangmai hai Roman letter kada lu mide). Ndebo khon tu ndebo giak niu thinra lo tiubo ra mai hina kam kamlubui-e. Parathiubo ra, sibo Script thinjiu Spelling, Word Boundary (Orthography) kasemrabo piu si-e. Sibo tendon si kung-e. Expert mai nai Local mai zaujiu Orthography kasemlo.

Script, Spelling, khatdi Orthography haisi ndetu dinjiu lo?

Script = Symbol, pagiak tu dinbo-e, e.g., Devanagari, Roman, Arabic, etc.

Spelling = Script gu Symbol pagiak dung tu ladkeng thiujiu taliupadbo tu-e.

Orthography = ladkeng (Word dung) haitu khatdi chaladriang (Sentence) haitu pagu Word Boundary, Sentential Construction leng pagu System khat taliu padbo tu-e.

Chakhon kaku-kanabo (Tone) leng pagiak tamjiu kamrabo hai kakungbo ma?

Kungdi makge, mala di makge. Lianglad kumbo hai ladkeng hina ga pagu Tone bamme. Sikumjiu Tone hina leng pagiak dam susai, aliu gu Writing System hai pagiak rammai niu tarasak mirabo bamme. Tiudi ndekumbo ladkeng ga Tone gu pagiak damkhai maksai salo tiubo bamme. Haisi Research kakam mainiu macha bamme. Palingbo ra Native Speaker karaii-e sai, Tone mark kam makdi suilubo bamme, e.g., Liangmai Bible. Poina sikungbo bam tadi pagu Context gasu kaku-kanabo simi suibo bamme.

Ndekamjiu Writing System pageng bamjiu lo?

Karai ra Oral Literature ga mangiu khaijiu aliu lung bamniw-e. Tuhoi Digital Era ga ra Oral Tradition ga ronna mangiukhai bamsai, aliu lad hamirabo tu din makjiu, aliugu Identity hamirabo bamme khatdi maitu hatang silakbo bamme. Siniu ndetiu sai Liangmai gu Writing System ga Uniformity bamra lo tiubo tu mai hina matan maksai wadi tathui lakge.

1st Person Pronoun, e.g., I will go, tiubo ga ‘I’ haitu (i) tiura ma (eh) tiura lo?

Dinmibo kumjiu thinra maidung niu wa ‘giak’ khattu ‘bla’ tiune, kakibo ‘giak’ tu ‘blu’ tiune tiujiu kasemkhaibo riga bamme. Tiudi palingjiu dinbo ting ga ‘I’ tiurabo thau-e, palamra aliu ariak raobo ga English Alphabet pahbo zai ga raomakge. Pahbo zai ga raone tiusai ‘Now go to sleep’ tiubo tu ‘Tuhoi wang z-sulo’ tiura mide. School ga A B C pahbo ra English letter katibo leng tu-e; Pronounce kamrabo zai leng makge.

Example ga, ‘eboke’ nai ‘iboke’ ga ‘e’ nai ‘i’ khonsi tamme. Siga ‘i’ tiusai, raobo ga ‘ai’ tiujiu papadrabo makge. ‘eboke’ nai ‘iboke’ ga (First Syllable ga) pagiak nia katambo bamme. Sibo giak kania tu ‘eh’ khon khai kana misai, aliu hai chakhon kampad san bambo-e.

Nia ga sai, Convention tiubo hai Writing System ga maning mala daulakge. Liangmai 1950s ga ariak raohaubo wan gasu ‘i’ tiujiu thinmibo-e. Haiga ‘i’ thinbo donniu wa kadibo Confusion pira bam makge sai, wa kamjiu ‘Eh’ tiujiu kasanbo kampad makdi sui-e.

Souniu aliu gu Spelling lam ga taliu khaira lo?

Raibo ga Literature Body khat bamra-e. Haibo Literature Body hai Public gu thiurabo-e. Haikumbo Body hai Tingkum ga Public Meeting khatnadi kammak misai, aliu hai sansabo jat thiurabo-e tiubo silulo.

Tuhoi Liangmai leng ndegu Literature Group bamlo?

Tuhoi thiujiu Liangmai Literature (raobo, pahbo) ngam ga kamjiu paphom thiujiu bambo dung pahang ga lenkhai-e.

Liangmai Christian Literature Society (Manipur & Nagaland) (LCLS)

Liangmai Literature Society (Manipur).

Liangmai Literature Committee (Nagaland).

Liangmai Literature Board, Manipur & Nagaland.

Conclusion:

Jat khat leng Writing System hai kakungbo mania khatle. Haitu jat gu jupou dungniu chakung thiulu maksai, aliu khuga wadaudi ‘Reading and Writing’ gu Power wang lakge. Spelling lam ga dinsubo ga Political thiubo-e. Khat-khat kadin piu maksai sai aliu gu Writing System hai toi-toi mahiang ra bamme. Liangmai gu Writing System lam dinbo ga LCLS kumjiu maidi taten thiu mawikhaibo hakha-e. LCLS gu System ga, for Example, ‘write’ haitu ‘rao’ tiujiu khai-e. Siga sisi daulakge ‘rau/rou’ tiurabo-e tiujiu aribo ra wadi pageng ha-e. LCLS gu System ga Grammar lamga, khangsia ga ‘Jesu niu din-e’, khangsia ga ‘Jesu niu dinne’ tiujiu khai-e. Khatdi Word Boundary lamga, khangsia ga ‘aliuniu’, khangsia ga ‘aliu niu’ tiujiu khai-e. Haikumbo dung tu ra Systematic thiubo zai ga Convention-e bam tadi, kam kalira mide.

Spelling lam ga aliu Liangmai ari matheng tasukhe. Ari matheng sai, Uniformity makjiu aliu gu Writing System hai ‘kamipui ba’ kum tarabo-e.

Dr. Wichamdinbo Mataina hai Linguist Professional mai khatle.

Courtesy: ANP Magazine 2021 Issue Vol.3